Well, I think the perceptions of customers is irrelevant to the issue you bring up
I don't think it is irrelevant in this context at all, since this would be one of the questions that would be discussed in a court of law.
"
What does the typical consumer of these products value first and foremost in these things, these portraits?"
"Likeness, m'Lud"
"
And is the typical consumer of these portraits inclined to purchase them first and foremost because of their admiration for the artist from whose hand they emanated?"
"Unlikely m'Lud"
I'm not an artist, and I can only speculate as to the motivations of artists, but I suspect that many would disagree with you.
I'm an artist, I work in a tertiary art institution and I have sculpted 3D digital portraits of celebrities in a commercial context. There aren't too many photorealistic sculptors who would be able to argue a convincing case that their rendition of a character contains a "substantial creative element
over and above the mere depiction of the person". The only exception I can think of might be Serang. It's only the uber-nerds who can identify the subtle nuances of the individual artist's hand in a sculpt - I'd predict that the 'reasonable person' couldn't tell a Rainman sculpt from a Kojun sculpt, much less identify the 'artistic and creative' components in their portraits beyond the rendition of likeness.
I hope this was the intention of Arnie Kim with his Indy sculpt.
I honestly believe that he just stuffed this up. The PERS mechanism may have thrown off the eyes, but there's no explaining away that chin. I look at every one of Kim's portraits and see a faithful rendering of the character - I can't see how he'd go all arty on Indy.
Some may wish to produce as realistic a likeness as possible, but still make decisions that contribute to the artistic merits of a sculpt.
I'm not saying there is
NO room for artistry - I am saying though that photorealism in these portraits is their reason d'etre, and the room for creative input in producing a likeness - as opposed to technical mastery of the materials - is actually very narrow.
Sculpting a head is not the same as copying a picture onto a t-shirt or poster and trying to sell it. It is, intrinsically, an artistic enterprise with artistic merit.
I'm not arguing that it is an artistic enterprise with artistic merit - but I am arguing that the artistry takes a back seat to technique.
So though I dispute that part of your argument, I concede that it is not my point of view, or yours, that matters. It is that of a court of law.
Yes, which is why these things tend to be addressed on case-by-case basis. But the grey area you talk about is, once a judge has all the arguments put before them, more of a narrow sliver than an expanse.
I agree that they are art, and that the artistic component is key, but reasonable people may disagree.
Yes, though it is not just the opinion of the reasonable or lay person that is considered by the presiding judge when they deliberate on a case.
If you painted each head sculpt you produced in strange colors, claiming it was artistic expression, would it then be acceptable in your eyes, as that would essentially be what Warhol did?
The fact that complexion is a component of likeness would be significant - but really, how many strange coloured sculpts have you seen put out by 1/6 portrait sculptors?
These are very tricky distinctions, where someone in a court determines artistic motivation, and for that reason these issues can't be fully resolved by discussions on this forum. I realize that some have a difficult time with ambiguity and uncertainty, but that is the case with legal concerns such as this.
I respectfully disagree that these distinctions are as tricky as you claim