Pixelpiper
Super Freak
Added Empire Strikes Back Star Destroyer bridge.
Every one is different. I've noted the ones that are caps however. Those I capture at their native resolution with the built-in region screen capture in Mac OS X.
I take them into Photoshop and clean them up, plus make any mods like deleting subjects, replicating, etc. When I'm done I enlarge them for print using a plugin called Blow Up, optionally providing settings for sharpening, etc.
Some others, like the Tatooine, I source images on the net and then combine them - Flickr has a nice Creative Commons search ability.
If you only have a smaller image and you absolutely need to print it to a large size, you must enlarge in software or your results (enlarged by the RIP or printer driver) will be (more) unpleasant.
The decision to up-sample is entirely based on the intent of the output. That means the overall size, the viewing distance and of course the density.
There are many techniques for enlarging source images, including first converting some details to vectors where possible. With some more abstract images, such as paintings, I have also successfully "repainted" the enlargement with brand new brush strokes also courtesy of a nice plugin. Those new repainted strokes are at full resolution and you can work wonders for a print.
If I can find pieces of an image at higher resolution I will also composite those into an enlargement, so at least part(s) of the image are higher resolution. Then of course there's manual touch-up, re-painting, blending and sharpening.
These background enlargements are not meant to be looked at under a microscope or from a couple of inches away like a magazine, so while none of the enlargements are necessarily perfect, they work very well when viewed at a comfortable distance. So well that for most of them, a perfectly sharp version wouldn't make much difference. Don't forget also that these images are all meant to output at 150 or 300dpi - pixel peeping them on a monitor doesn't tell the truth with respect to the final result at 1:1
You should look at the printed output for a billboard or large format sign sometime! Huge half-tone screen dots and super low resolution.
Just finished printing a bunch of these at my local Costco and the results were excellent and matched my on-screen proofs very closely. To save $$ I composited multiple images so that I ran three 24" x 36" prints which I've had to cut down myself.
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